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The calculator on this site lets you put the basic financial formulas to work, with more flexibility than the interactive graphs on these pages.
The Rule of 72 shows how to estimate compound interest in your head.
The article on Monte Carlo retirement planning starts out with a simple retirement calculator (compound interest and contributions going up, annuity coming down) and then lets you add randomness to simulate the volatility of real investments.
The stock valuation article has several calculators based on discounted earnings and related rules of thumb.
The CAGR of the Stock Market discusses average versus annualized returns (a.k.a. arithmetic versus geometric means) and shows how they're related via standard deviation.
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